Descartes substance dualism Property dualism Functionalism Putnam Jackson Searle Nagel Godel Kripke Penrose Chalmers Dennett Chomsky Grice Anderson knowledge argument poverty of stimulus Twin Earth Hodgkin-Huxley (squid giant axon) action potential Leibniz¡ÇLaw of Identity cell bodies: white matter myelinated axons: gray matter Lettvin frog Hubel-Weise columns layers receptive field Georgeopoulos Sperry reversible decortication (KCl) efference copy STG: stomato-gastric ganglion (lobster) Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex Millian theory of reference description theory of reference causal theory of reference Appearance reality distincion speaker meaning cerebellum thalamus frontal lobe(s) temporal lobe(s) parietal lobe(s) occipital lobe(s) central sulcus primary visual cortex optic chiasm, optic nerve lateral geniculate nucleus Broca's area Wernicke's area arcuate fasciculus primary motor cortex primary somatosensory cortex corpus callosum ascending pathways; descending pathways 10**11 neurons synapses axon; dendrite Golgi Ramon y Cajal the crossed brain plasticity Spinelli