Notes

Outline

The Future of the Web: Visual, Social, Universal Ben Shneiderman (ben@cs.umd.edu) Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742

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User Interface Design Goals Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable Affectively acceptable:      Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility         NOT:          Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic

User Interface Design Goals Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable Affectively acceptable:      Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility         NOT:          Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic

Design Issues Input devices & strategies Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training

Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks Predict and measure time to learn speed of performance rate of human errors human retention over time Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User             Interaction Satisfaction 7.0,   www.lap.umd.edu/QUIS/index.html) Accommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural context

U.S. Library of Congress Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Teachers, Students

Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors Surgeons Researchers Students

NASA Environmental Data Scientists Farmers Land planners Students

U.S. Bureau of Census Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Teachers, Students

Web Design Strategies to Empower Users: Visual, Social, Universal

1) Visual Design Visual bandwidth is enormous Human perceptual skills are remarkable Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... Color, size, shape, proximity... Human image storage is fast and vast Opportunities Spatial layouts & coordination Information visualization Scientific visualization & simulation Telepresence & augmented reality Virtual environments

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Treemap - view large trees with node values Space filling Space limited Color coding Size coding Requires learning

Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

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Temporal Info Viz - LifeLines

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2) Social Support: Concepts Online communities E-commerce customer service & consumer conversations Medical support groups & information exchange Educational discussions & teamwork Neighborhood forums & political organizing Technologies Synchronous text: Instant messaging, chat rooms Asynchronous text: Listservs, bulletin boards, newsgroups Audio,video, virtual realities

2) Social Support: Active Worlds

2) Social Support: Goals Supporting Sociability People: Target a population Purposes: Clearly state focus Policies: Make expectations explicit behavior, privacy, moderation, joining rules Designing Usability Users: Know the users Tasks: Understand frequencies and sequences Systems: Choose seamless combinations of tools

Defining Trust Trust is the expectation that arises within a community of regular, honest, and cooperative behavior, based on commonly shared norms, on the part of the members of that community.        - Francis Fukuyama, Trust, 1995 Trust indicates a positive belief about the perceived reliability of, dependability of, and confidence in a person, object, or process.        - B. J. Fogg, CHI99

Defining Trust - Revised Trust is the positive expectation a person has for another person or organization that is based on past performance and truthful future guarantees People rely on tools or processes

Internet Design Credo Empower individuals by                       clarifying responsibility Promote participation by                       ensuring trust

2) Social Support: Trust Invite participation by ensuring trust Disclose patterns of past performance Provide references from past and current users Get certifications from third parties Make policies for privacy & security easy to find & read Accelerate action by clarifying responsibility Clarify each participant's responsibilities Provide clear guarantees with compensation Describe dispute resolution and mediation services

On-Web Deception and Trust

3) Universal Usability Technology variety:     Support broad range of hardware, software,     and network access User diversity:    Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge,      age, gender, literacy, culture, income, disabilities,     disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, light)... Gaps in user knowledge:     Bridge the gap between what users know and     what they need to know

"Technology variety:" Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access

"User diversity:"  User diversity: Accommodate different users

Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies Bridge the gap between what users know and  what they need to know

Thomas Jefferson     I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may...reach even the extremes of society: beggars and kings.     -- Reply to American Philosophical Society, 1808

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