1	Leonardo’s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742
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3	Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks Predict and measure time to learn speed of performance rate of human errors human retention over time Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Accommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural context
4	Design Issues Input devices & strategies Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training
5	U.S. Library of Congress Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Teachers, Students
6	Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors Surgeons Researchers Students
7	NASA Environmental Data Scientists Farmers Land planners Students
8	Bureau of the Census Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Teachers, Students
9	NSF Digital Government Initiative Find what you need Understand what you Find
10	International Children’s Digital Libary
11	Zooming User Interfaces
12	Zooming User Interfaces: DateLens
13	Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)
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15	Treemap: Stock market, industry clustered
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18	Treemap: Gene Ontology
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21	An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renaissance Man Combined science & art Integrated engineering & esthetics Balanced technology advances & human values Merged visionary & practical
22	Goals for The New Computing 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs
23	1) Usable: Ending User Frustration Goal: make computer usage less frustrating Identify top ten frustrations Measure severity & frequency in lost time Determine if the situation is improving
24	1) Time diary study Self reports & observations (111 students) Pre-session survey: demographic information computer experience and attitudes level of computer anxiety, mood Users spend 2.5 hours (average) Report their frustrating experiences Post-session survey: assess mood after the session overall frustration level loss of time
25	1) Frequent Frustrations (out of 373)
26	1) Minutes lost (111 subjects) – 46%
27	"2" 2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling
28	"User diversity" User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc. Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know
29	2) Universal Usability in Practice
30	3) Useful: Generative Theories
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32	"Relationships" Relationships Self: working on your own Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates Colleagues & Neighbors: 50-5000 acquaintances Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more
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34	Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets
35	Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets
36	PhotoFinder
37	PhotoMesa
38	Activities and Relationship Table (ART)
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40	Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Three lessons 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs
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43	"Action Items" Action Items Developers: Apply usability guidelines & testing methods Web producers: Develop UU statements Managers: Provide responsible leadership Journalists: Raise public expectations Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements Funders: Expand research on usability Educators: Disseminate scientific results Researchers: Explore bold new visions
44	ACM Code of Ethics In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.