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Watson Research Center@pZ%  Event Driven Infrastructure  Event Driven Infrastructure Flows and Consumer Classes A Model Summary+Network of nodes interconnected by links Flows and classes of consumers Control variables: Flow rates (for rate control) Number of consumers (for admission control) Utility function Associated with each consumer Depends on the rate of the flow that serves the consumer Assumed to be strictly concaveT[Jv[JvOptimization Problem  Optimization Problems LRGP"Consumer Allocation )Rate Allocation *PricesPrices associated with each resource (node, link) reflect how congested the resource is provide a way to control the rate Node Price implements a trade-off between  increasing the number of consumers and  increasing the rate reflects the maximum benefit/cost ratio of the node Link Price adjusted using a gradient projection algorithm (Low et al.) t  =t  =+LRGP 4ResultsSeveral workloads Several utility functions CONVERGENCE How fast does it reach the result? LRGP converges in less than 50 iterations OPTIMALITY How good is the result? LRGP achieves better utility than a centralized simulated annealing algorithm,ZZ ZMZ ZfZ, #*   N  ! Convergence/ Convergence7 OptimalityhITERATIONS UNTIL CONVERGENCE the number of iterations until convergence does not vary with an increase in the number of flows or consumers ROBUSTNESS recovers quickly when flows or consumers are removed UTILITY comparison with a centralized simulated annealing (SA) algorithm 6 different workloads LRGP finds a utility between 6.47% and 18.75% higher than SAn 6o 6t8Conclusions and Future WorkCONCLUSIONS distributed algorithm for optimizing utility in an event-driven infrastructure greedy approach to control the consumers + Lagrangian approach to control the rates prices make trade-offs between admission control and rate control simulation results show good convergence and scalability FUTURE WORK other utility functions asynchronous algorithm other types of resources implementationX  W  W9 Questions  H, Dual Problem- Dual Problemthe  r that maximizes the system utility, also maximizes L L concave, thus it has only one maximum, given by:oo6Recovery / Different utility/4#.:;<=>?@D E P  ` 33PP` 13` 3333` Q_{` 333fpKNāvI` j@v۩ῑ΂H>?" dd@,?" dd@    @ `  n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>   p \U (  \$  \ 0ܴ: "P  : RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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XX6381-D81^ DS &{'LO^ D+ YL^0L8]T+ YL7Gn2H+IJ7GI:9]T:I:Q= qR&QJ 7JJ >:*;9>:+$.+] x!+] 6381$ 3-D^ D %D^0L8]TH+ YL^0L8]T7G@8Cn2H+IJI:B,= qR&N7#Q7JK J 7J>:8*;9+ +$ x!+ ] x!+$(,`C0*0*ITNT0*0* BCCloud#" `@@    N( 1?"6@ NNN?NP{ :    N@ 1?"6@ NNN?NP4  WEVENT DRIVEN INFRASTRUCTURE (23'l `@  $ `@ ,$D0N g@    g@ b   Zvd @1?"6@ NNN?N0b   Zvd @1?"6@ NNN?N@  b   Zvd @1?"6@ NNN?NP @     ZL 1?"6@ NNN?Ng = Producers B !   `D>?"0@NNN?N  ` l  P ) P ,$D0K@ @P  ( @P 2   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?Np`02   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?Np02   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?N`P 2   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?N0    ` 1?"6@ NNN?N@Pq7 = Consumers ̥B "   fD>?"0@NNN?N  l   '  ,$D02   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?NP@2   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?N0O@    &   /N      2   S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N`  2   S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N@ ` 2   S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N`  2   S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N@  2   S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N0 p     Z 1?"6@ NNN?N  = Consumers ___B #   `D>?"0@NNN?N  pp H   0޽h ? 3ff~___PPT10.b-W+D' = @B Du' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$ %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*) %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*' %(+:*;9>:+$.+] x!+] 6381$ 3-D^ D %D^0L8]TH+ YL^0L8]T7G@8Cn2H+IJI:B,= qR&N7#Q7JK J 7J>:8*;9+ +$ x!+ ] x!+$(,`C0*0*ITNT0*0* BCCloud#" `@@   N. 1?"6@ NNN?NP{ : 2  c vd @1?"6@ NNN?Np`02   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?Np02   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?N`P 2   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?N02   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?NP@2   c vd @1?"6@ NNN?N0    `X0 1?"6@ NNN?NP@q7 = Consumers ̥'F     2  S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N`  2  S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N@ ` 2  S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N`  2  S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N@  2  S ~vd @1?"6@ NNN?N0 p    Z6 1?"6@ NNN?N  = Consumers ___F g@   g@ b  Zvd @1?"6@ NNN?N0b  Zvd @1?"6@ NNN?N@  b  Zvd @1?"6@ NNN?NP @    Z; 1?"6@ NNN?Ng = Producers 2   S ~vd @1?"6@ `NNN?Np p 2 ! 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"6@`NNN?N @ yFLOW 1 Rate: r1N =" _H  `8jJ? "6@`NNN?N p  gFLOW 2 Rate: r2<f l @   fH@  ,$D0" `H  `\jJ? "6@`NNN?N@ P 8CONSUMER CLASS 1 Number of consumers: n1 Utility: U1(r1)9̥    " aH  `jJ? 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OBJECTIVE   S T0e0e    BCDEF @ f > 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||(`P 0 @@  s " 0e@        @ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN 5%  N 5%  N    5%    !"?N@ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abp02  s GBwCE$G6%HI`TQ Ԕ? gw8*gw8*`T`Tgw8*`T`T"6@ NNN?Nq B,$@0 < 2  s GPBwCE$G6%HI`TQ Ԕ? gw8*gw8*`T`Tgw8*`T`T"6@ NNN?N@,$@0 < H  0޽h ?/  3333___PPT10. +#kDc' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Du' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*-%(Dd' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.%(D' =%(Ds' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*+%(++0++ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ ++0+ +x ; aY2X(  Xx X c $$ \`   ~ X s * \P   F @0  X 0 @ h X c $A @??0   @" X N 8c?"6@`NNN?N@0    X N 1?"6@ NNN?N   GLINK CONSTRAINTF  0 @  !X 0 @ " "X N 8c?"6@`NNN?N 0 @  #X2 ZA A? ? \"`   A   $X Z 1?"6@ NNN?N 8  PNODE CONSTRAINT $" %X Z8c?"6@`NNN?NP @@ 1Find the rate allocation and the number of consumers such that the total utility of the system is maximized and the constraints are satisfied  $ F @  1X @ " (X T 8c?"6@`NNN?N@ n )X s *A C??Jw C *X  `& 1?"6@ NNN?N0p DSYSTEM UTILITYOl  @ 2X @,$D0" /X Z+o?"6@`NNN?N @ ?}Optimization depends on both rate allocation and consumer allocation System utility not concave Constraint set not convex~  2 0X N1?"6@`NNN?NBH X 0޽h ? 3333___PPT10. +NDk' = @B D&' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D]' =%(D' =%(D!' =4@BBBB%(D' =,54*3>Bfillcolor=@BPB<*%XD' =1:B solid*a3>Bfill.type<*%XD' =1:B true*]3>Bfill.on<*%XD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*2X%(+ ;    T0  (  Tx T c $= \`    T c $> \P   y%LAGRANGIAN RATES, GREEDY POPULATIONS 8%%  T ND 1?"6@ NNN?N Ph,$0 ^Finds the optimal rates for each flow at a certain moment given a constant number of consumers__  T NI 1?"6@ NNN?N h,$0 bFinds the optimal number of consumers for each class at a certain moment given constant flow ratescc  T NTN Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N0`  NOPTIMIZATION PROBLEM? T T\R Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N` ,$D0 IRATE ALLOCATIONC  T TV Ԕ?"6@`NNN?N0` ,$D0 MCONSUMER ALLOCATIONG T Z[ 8c?"6@`NNN?NP0 ,$D0 KPRICE COMPUTATION_ T N4_ 1?"6@ NNN?N @ ,$0 o;Makes trade-offs between rate control and admission control<<H T 0޽h ? 3333/'___PPT10.ٔP-+EDS' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* T%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* T%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* T%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(++0+ T ++0+ T ++0+T ++0+T ++0+ T ++0+T ++0+T +i ; `` BYlp&`(  lx l c $ \`   ~ l s *T \P   B l 3 nE`FNQ&UVWp))? 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(    s *< \`   5  s *w \0  ,55Nh5 0 3 rA Q?8c ? \"` @ Q `  c $A R??P "  R    `]] 1?"6@ NNN?N p =GFind the rate allocation and the prices such that D(pe,pl) is minimizedH(2   555NNhhH  0޽h ? xx-т___PPT10i.:S+D=' = @B + ; P (  r   S  \`     `A \utilityfail    ZA \utilityk     Z 1?"6@ NNN?N @  PRecovery from system changes`  c $A l?? @@ l   Z 1?"6@ NNN?N z EClass utility is H  0޽h ? 3333___PPT10i.a@+D=' = @B +>0 0 pN(  pX p C    w p S w 0  w P<Takes place at nodes Remind public about classes of consumers. We observe, by looking at a node, that a change in the consumers attached to that node has a local effect, it only affects the local constraint of the node. As such a node can make a local decision as to how much to increase its consumer count. New populations are computed using a greedy approach while keeping the rate fixed and until node constraint is exceeded. Find the definition of a greedy approach and try to include it somehow here. First, we sort classes in the order of BC Benefit/cost of a class  the increase in utility divided by the increase in the resource consumed when the number of consumers is increased by 1 Then allocate consumers in this order (basically we give priority to those that bring more benefit)H p 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.!0 P x1(  xX x C    w x S 0*w 0`  wH@___PPT9" mOur main contribution is LRGP (say what it means), a distributed algorithm for maximizing the total utility. The key idea involves partitioning the optimization problem and then iterating between them Say which are the problems: Rate allocation (at each source node) Consumer allocation (at each node) Price computation connects the two steps and makes the tradeoff between consumer and rate (prices are computed for each resource) The intuition behind our approach: at any moment we can make the utility of a class larger either by increasing the number of consumers or by increasing the rate of the associated flow. Z-I-?I?H x 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.'o(0  8(  X  C    w  S Cw 0`  wH@___PPT9" ^I will begin by illustrating the problem and introducing a model for it: Assume several applications that produce messages corresponding to several topics. There may be several classes of consumers interested in this data. Messages are transmitted from producers to consumers using an event-driven infrastructure which& In this example there are two types of consumers (a) gold consumers, at one or more brokerage firms, that pay for the data and bring more benefit to the system (b) public/silver consumers, Internet users, that do not pay for the data pI----H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.p@~q2 0   B (  X  C    w   S xZw 0  w D B & consists of an overlay of computing nodes to which producers and consumers are attached. The overlay can be built using different middleware technologies (pub/sub, stream processing overlays, ESB) that support asynchronous loosely-coupled message delivery. Another common characteristic is the support for message transformations. For example, messages can be transformed in the system to remove fields available only to certain consumers or to satisfy a consumer specified filter Producers publish messages in a flow which are groupings of related messages with similar quality requirements (independent of location and number of consumers) Consumers are interested to receive messages from a particular flow. We use admission control. A consumer that is connected to a node does not receive service until it is admitted by the system enterprise service bus refers to a software architecture construct, implemented by technologies found in a category of middleware infrastructure products usually based on Web services standards, that provides foundational services for more complex service-oriented architectures via an event-driven and XML-based[1] messaging engine (the bus). &ZICmD0lnD0oD0A_pD0H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.q8(70  G(  X  C    w  S ww 0  w IEach flow is characterized by a rate r, which is the rate at which messages from the flow are injected into the system. Rate is bounded by the producer Each class of consumers is characterized by the number of consumers currently admitted in the system and by a utility function, expressed in terms of message rates and assumed a concave function, such that all consumers in a class share the same utility function. Thus, the goal si to maximize the aggregate system utility, the sum of utilities across all individual consumers.aH  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.r0 *" (  X  C    w"  S |w 0  w The optimization problem is constrained because resources have finite capacities. We consider two types of resources: link and node resources and therefore we have two types of constraints. Mention what resource is constrained (bandwidth and cpu) The link constraint: One for every link in the system The bandwidth used by all flows traversing a link should be smaller than the link capacity Constrains the bandwidth resource The node constraint One for every node in the system The amount of resource consumed by a flow at a node (possibly due to transformations) + the amount of resource consumed to support the admitted subscribers connected to the node should be less than the capacity of the node Constrains the cpu resource Remember the objective function and redefine the optimizationR --->-,IH  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.s080 [S (  X  C    wS  S ,w 0  w In general, the optimization problem is difficult to solve because the objective depends on both rate allocation and consumer allocation. This makes the objective function non concave and the constraint set non convexH  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.y '0 B: (  X  C    w:  S w 0  w Takes place at flow sources On the other hand, a rate increase can affect the resource constraints of all resources along the flow s path. In order to guarantee that they are not violated, the source node would have to be coordinated with all other source nodes, infeasible in a distributed system. Therefore we need some feedback to tell us how close to limit are the constraints Given that the number of consumers is assumed constant the objective function becomes concave and we can use the Lagrangian approach to determine the rates that maximize the objective at the current iteration H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.{@j)0  9(  X  C    w  S w 0  w ;We use the concept of price A price is associated with each link and node resource and indicates how congested the resource is. It is a way to control in a distributive manner the rate at the source of a flow. There are 2 types of prices: node: reflects the maximum benefit/cost ratio of the node and only allows the increase of the rate of the flow that goes thru as much as the increase brings a higher benefit than the increase of the number of consumers, therefore the trade-off Link: adjusted as in Low" -H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.|4 `0 @ p(  X  C    w  S $w 0  w r^Say that you used different starting parameters for SA. Look in the paper to be more specific.H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.{p5S0 P c(  X  C    w  S w 0  w e/Why does utility have to be concave? We are working with elastic applications, the utility is increasing in terms of rate but also as the rate goes up, there is a marginal increase Why the log utility? Why not centralized? 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