##

    #!/usr/bin/python
    # The contents of this file are in the public domain. See LICENSE_FOR_EXAMPLE_PROGRAMS.txt
    #
    # This is an example illustrating the use of the structural SVM solver from
    # the dlib C++ Library.  Therefore, this example teaches you the central ideas
    # needed to setup a structural SVM model for your machine learning problems.  To
    # illustrate the process, we use dlib's structural SVM solver to learn the
    # parameters of a simple multi-class classifier.  We first discuss the
    # multi-class classifier model and then walk through using the structural SVM
    # tools to find the parameters of this classification model.     As an aside,
    # dlib's C++ interface to the structural SVM solver is threaded.  So on a
    # multi-core computer it is significantly faster than using the python
    # interface.  So consider using the C++ interface instead if you find that
    # running it in python is slow.
    #
    #
    # COMPILING/INSTALLING THE DLIB PYTHON INTERFACE
    #   You can install dlib using the command:
    #       pip install dlib
    #
    #   Alternatively, if you want to compile dlib yourself then go into the dlib
    #   root folder and run:
    #       python setup.py install
    #   or
    #       python setup.py install --yes USE_AVX_INSTRUCTIONS
    #   if you have a CPU that supports AVX instructions, since this makes some
    #   things run faster.
    #
    #   Compiling dlib should work on any operating system so long as you have
    #   CMake and boost-python installed.  On Ubuntu, this can be done easily by
    #   running the command:
    #       sudo apt-get install libboost-python-dev cmake
    #

    import dlib

    def main():
        # In this example, we have three types of samples: class 0, 1, or 2.  That
        # is, each of our sample vectors falls into one of three classes.  To keep
        # this example very simple, each sample vector is zero everywhere except at
        # one place.  The non-zero dimension of each vector determines the class of
        # the vector.  So for example, the first element of samples has a class of 1
        # because samples[0][1] is the only non-zero element of samples[0].
        samples = [[0, 2, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 4, 0], [0, 0, 3]]
        # Since we want to use a machine learning method to learn a 3-class
        # classifier we need to record the labels of our samples.  Here samples[i]
        # has a class label of labels[i].
        labels = [1, 0, 1, 2]

        # Now that we have some training data we can tell the structural SVM to
        # learn the parameters of our 3-class classifier model.  The details of this
        # will be explained later.  For now, just note that it finds the weights
        # (i.e. a vector of real valued parameters) such that predict_label(weights,
        # sample) always returns the correct label for a sample vector.
        problem = ThreeClassClassifierProblem(samples, labels)
        weights = dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem(problem)

        # Print the weights and then evaluate predict_label() on each of our
        # training samples. Note that the correct label is predicted for each
        # sample.
        print(weights)
        for k, s in enumerate(samples):
            print("Predicted label for sample[{0}]: {1}".format(
                k, predict_label(weights, s)))

    def predict_label(weights, sample):
        """Given the 9-dimensional weight vector which defines a 3 class classifier,
        predict the class of the given 3-dimensional sample vector.   Therefore, the
        output of this function is either 0, 1, or 2 (i.e. one of the three possible
        labels)."""

        # Our 3-class classifier model can be thought of as containing 3 separate
        # linear classifiers.  So to predict the class of a sample vector we
        # evaluate each of these three classifiers and then whatever classifier has
        # the largest output "wins" and predicts the label of the sample.  This is
        # the popular one-vs-all multi-class classifier model.
        # Keeping this in mind, the code below simply pulls the three separate
        # weight vectors out of weights and then evaluates each against sample.  The
        # individual classifier scores are stored in scores and the highest scoring
        # index is returned as the label.
        w0 = weights[0:3]
        w1 = weights[3:6]
        w2 = weights[6:9]
        scores = [dot(w0, sample), dot(w1, sample), dot(w2, sample)]
        max_scoring_label = scores.index(max(scores))
        return max_scoring_label

    def dot(a, b):
        """Compute the dot product between the two vectors a and b."""
        return sum(i * j for i, j in zip(a, b))

    ################################################################################

    class ThreeClassClassifierProblem:
        # Now we arrive at the meat of this example program.  To use the
        # dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() routine you need to define an object
        # which tells the structural SVM solver what to do for your problem.  In
        # this example, this is done by defining the ThreeClassClassifierProblem
        # object.  Before we get into the details, we first discuss some background
        # information on structural SVMs.
        #
        # A structural SVM is a supervised machine learning method for learning to
        # predict complex outputs.  This is contrasted with a binary classifier
        # which makes only simple yes/no predictions.  A structural SVM, on the
        # other hand, can learn to predict complex outputs such as entire parse
        # trees or DNA sequence alignments.  To do this, it learns a function F(x,y)
        # which measures how well a particular data sample x matches a label y,
        # where a label is potentially a complex thing like a parse tree. However,
        # to keep this example program simple we use only a 3 category label output.
        #
        # At test time, the best label for a new x is given by the y which
        # maximizes F(x,y). To put this into the context of the current example,
        # F(x,y) computes the score for a given sample and class label.  The
        # predicted class label is therefore whatever value of y which makes F(x,y)
        # the biggest.  This is exactly what predict_label() does. That is, it
        # computes F(x,0), F(x,1), and F(x,2) and then reports which label has the
        # biggest value.
        #
        # At a high level, a structural SVM can be thought of as searching the
        # parameter space of F(x,y) for the set of parameters that make the
        # following inequality true as often as possible:
        #     F(x_i,y_i) > max{over all incorrect labels of x_i} F(x_i, y_incorrect)
        # That is, it seeks to find the parameter vector such that F(x,y) always
        # gives the highest score to the correct output.  To define the structural
        # SVM optimization problem precisely, we first introduce some notation:
        #    - let PSI(x,y)    == the joint feature vector for input x and a label y
        #    - let F(x,y|w)    == dot(w,PSI(x,y)).
        #      (we use the | notation to emphasize that F() has the parameter vector
        #       of weights called w)
        #    - let LOSS(idx,y) == the loss incurred for predicting that the
        #      idx-th training  sample has a label of y.  Note that LOSS()
        #      should always be >= 0 and should become exactly 0 when y is the
        #      correct label for the idx-th sample.  Moreover, it should notionally
        #      indicate how bad it is to predict y for the idx'th sample.
        #    - let x_i == the i-th training sample.
        #    - let y_i == the correct label for the i-th training sample.
        #    - The number of data samples is N.
        #
        # Then the optimization problem solved by a structural SVM using
        # dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() is the following:
        #     Minimize: h(w) == 0.5*dot(w,w) + C*R(w)
        #
        #     Where R(w) == sum from i=1 to N: 1/N * sample_risk(i,w) and
        #     sample_risk(i,w) == max over all
        #         Y: LOSS(i,Y) + F(x_i,Y|w) - F(x_i,y_i|w) and C > 0
        #
        # You can think of the sample_risk(i,w) as measuring the degree of error
        # you would make when predicting the label of the i-th sample using
        # parameters w.  That is, it is zero only when the correct label would be
        # predicted and grows larger the more "wrong" the predicted output becomes.
        # Therefore, the objective function is minimizing a balance between making
        # the weights small (typically this reduces overfitting) and fitting the
        # training data.  The degree to which you try to fit the data is controlled
        # by the C parameter.
        #
        # For a more detailed introduction to structured support vector machines
        # you should consult the following paper:
        #     Predicting Structured Objects with Support Vector Machines by
        #     Thorsten Joachims, Thomas Hofmann, Yisong Yue, and Chun-nam Yu
        #

        # Finally, we come back to the code.  To use
        # dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() you need to provide the things
        # discussed above.  This is the value of C, the number of training samples,
        # the dimensionality of PSI(), as well as methods for calculating the loss
        # values and PSI() vectors.  You will also need to write code that can
        # compute:
        # max over all Y: LOSS(i,Y) + F(x_i,Y|w).  To summarize, the
        # ThreeClassClassifierProblem class is required to have the following
        # fields:
        #   - C
        #   - num_samples
        #   - num_dimensions
        #   - get_truth_joint_feature_vector()
        #   - separation_oracle()

        C = 1

        # There are also a number of optional arguments:
        # epsilon is the stopping tolerance.  The optimizer will run until R(w) is
        # within epsilon of its optimal value. If you don't set this then it
        # defaults to 0.001.
        # epsilon = 1e-13

        # Uncomment this and the optimizer will print its progress to standard
        # out.  You will be able to see things like the current risk gap.  The
        # optimizer continues until the
        # risk gap is below epsilon.
        # be_verbose = True

        # If you want to require that the learned weights are all non-negative
        # then set this field to True.
        # learns_nonnegative_weights = True

        # The optimizer uses an internal cache to avoid unnecessary calls to your
        # separation_oracle() routine.  This parameter controls the size of that
        # cache.  Bigger values use more RAM and might make the optimizer run
        # faster.  You can also disable it by setting it to 0 which is good to do
        # when your separation_oracle is very fast.  If If you don't call this
        # function it defaults to a value of 5.
        # max_cache_size = 20

        def __init__(self, samples, labels):
            # dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() expects the class to have
            # num_samples and num_dimensions fields.  These fields should contain
            # the number of training samples and the dimensionality of the PSI
            # feature vector respectively.
            self.num_samples = len(samples)
            self.num_dimensions = len(samples[0])*3

            self.samples = samples
            self.labels = labels

        def make_psi(self, x, label):
            """Compute PSI(x,label)."""
            # All we are doing here is taking x, which is a 3 dimensional sample
            # vector in this example program, and putting it into one of 3 places in
            # a 9 dimensional PSI vector, which we then return.  So this function
            # returns PSI(x,label).  To see why we setup PSI like this, recall how
            # predict_label() works.  It takes in a 9 dimensional weight vector and
            # breaks the vector into 3 pieces.  Each piece then defines a different
            # classifier and we use them in a one-vs-all manner to predict the
            # label.  So now that we are in the structural SVM code we have to
            # define the PSI vector to correspond to this usage.  That is, we need
            # to setup PSI so that argmax_y dot(weights,PSI(x,y)) ==
            # predict_label(weights,x).  This is how we tell the structural SVM
            # solver what kind of problem we are trying to solve.
            #
            # It's worth emphasizing that the single biggest step in using a
            # structural SVM is deciding how you want to represent PSI(x,label).  It
            # is always a vector, but deciding what to put into it to solve your
            # problem is often not a trivial task. Part of the difficulty is that
            # you need an efficient method for finding the label that makes
            # dot(w,PSI(x,label)) the biggest.  Sometimes this is easy, but often
            # finding the max scoring label turns into a difficult combinatorial
            # optimization problem.  So you need to pick a PSI that doesn't make the
            # label maximization step intractable but also still well models your
            # problem.
            #
            # Create a dense vector object (note that you can also use unsorted
            # sparse vectors (i.e.  dlib.sparse_vector objects) to represent your
            # PSI vector.  This is useful if you have very high dimensional PSI
            # vectors that are mostly zeros.  In the context of this example, you
            # would simply return a dlib.sparse_vector at the end of make_psi() and
            # the rest of the example would still work properly. ).
            psi = dlib.vector()
            # Set it to have 9 dimensions.  Note that the elements of the vector
            # are 0 initialized.
            psi.resize(self.num_dimensions)
            dims = len(x)
            if label == 0:
                for i in range(0, dims):
                    psi[i] = x[i]
            elif label == 1:
                for i in range(dims, 2 * dims):
                    psi[i] = x[i - dims]
            else:  # the label must be 2
                for i in range(2 * dims, 3 * dims):
                    psi[i] = x[i - 2 * dims]
            return psi

        # Now we get to the two member functions that are directly called by
        # dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem().
        #
        # In get_truth_joint_feature_vector(), all you have to do is return the
        # PSI() vector for the idx-th training sample when it has its true label.
        # So here it returns
        # PSI(self.samples[idx], self.labels[idx]).
        def get_truth_joint_feature_vector(self, idx):
            return self.make_psi(self.samples[idx], self.labels[idx])

        # separation_oracle() is more interesting.
        # dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() will call separation_oracle() many
        # times during the optimization.  Each time it will give it the current
        # value of the parameter weights and the separation_oracle() is supposed to
        # find the label that most violates the structural SVM objective function
        # for the idx-th sample.  Then the separation oracle reports the
        # corresponding PSI vector and loss value.  To state this more precisely,
        # the separation_oracle() member function has the following contract:
        #   requires
        #      - 0 <= idx < self.num_samples
        #      - len(current_solution) == self.num_dimensions
        #   ensures
        #      - runs the separation oracle on the idx-th sample.
        #        We define this as follows:
        #         - let X           == the idx-th training sample.
        #         - let PSI(X,y)    == the joint feature vector for input X
        #                              and an arbitrary label y.
        #         - let F(X,y)      == dot(current_solution,PSI(X,y)).
        #         - let LOSS(idx,y) == the loss incurred for predicting that the
        #           idx-th sample has a label of y.  Note that LOSS()
        #           should always be >= 0 and should become exactly 0 when y is the
        #           correct label for the idx-th sample.
        #
        #            Then the separation oracle finds a Y such that:
        #               Y = argmax over all y: LOSS(idx,y) + F(X,y)
        #            (i.e. It finds the label which maximizes the above expression.)
        #
        #            Finally, separation_oracle() returns LOSS(idx,Y),PSI(X,Y)
        def separation_oracle(self, idx, current_solution):
            samp = self.samples[idx]
            dims = len(samp)
            scores = [0, 0, 0]
            # compute scores for each of the three classifiers
            scores[0] = dot(current_solution[0:dims], samp)
            scores[1] = dot(current_solution[dims:2*dims], samp)
            scores[2] = dot(current_solution[2*dims:3*dims], samp)

            # Add in the loss-augmentation.  Recall that we maximize
            # LOSS(idx,y) + F(X,y) in the separate oracle, not just F(X,y) as we
            # normally would in predict_label(). Therefore, we must add in this
            # extra amount to account for the loss-augmentation. For our simple
            # multi-class classifier, we incur a loss of 1 if we don't predict the
            # correct label and a loss of 0 if we get the right label.
            if self.labels[idx] != 0:
                scores[0] += 1
            if self.labels[idx] != 1:
                scores[1] += 1
            if self.labels[idx] != 2:
                scores[2] += 1

            # Now figure out which classifier has the largest loss-augmented score.
            max_scoring_label = scores.index(max(scores))
            # And finally record the loss that was associated with that predicted
            # label. Again, the loss is 1 if the label is incorrect and 0 otherwise.
            if max_scoring_label == self.labels[idx]:
                loss = 0
            else:
                loss = 1

            # Finally, return the loss and PSI vector corresponding to the label
            # we just found.
            psi = self.make_psi(samp, max_scoring_label)
            return loss, psi

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        main()