    // Copyright (C) 2003  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef DLIB_ASSERt_
    #define DLIB_ASSERt_

    #include "config.h"
    #include <sstream>
    #include <iosfwd>
    #include "error.h"

    // -----------------------------

    // Use some stuff from boost here
    //  (C) Copyright John Maddock 2001 - 2003.
    //  (C) Copyright Darin Adler 2001.
    //  (C) Copyright Peter Dimov 2001.
    //  (C) Copyright Bill Kempf 2002.
    //  (C) Copyright Jens Maurer 2002.
    //  (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2002 - 2003.
    //  (C) Copyright Gennaro Prota 2003.
    //  (C) Copyright Eric Friedman 2003.
    // License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
    #ifndef BOOST_JOIN
    #define BOOST_JOIN( X, Y ) BOOST_DO_JOIN( X, Y )
    #define BOOST_DO_JOIN( X, Y ) BOOST_DO_JOIN2(X,Y)
    #define BOOST_DO_JOIN2( X, Y ) X##Y
    #endif

    // figure out if the compiler has rvalue references.
    #if defined(__clang__)
    #   if __has_feature(cxx_rvalue_references)
    #       define DLIB_HAS_RVALUE_REFERENCES
    #   endif
    #   if __has_feature(cxx_generalized_initializers)
    #       define DLIB_HAS_INITIALIZER_LISTS
    #   endif
    #elif defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 2)) && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
    #   define DLIB_HAS_RVALUE_REFERENCES
    #   define DLIB_HAS_INITIALIZER_LISTS
    #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1800
    #   define DLIB_HAS_INITIALIZER_LISTS
    #   define DLIB_HAS_RVALUE_REFERENCES
    #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600
    #   define DLIB_HAS_RVALUE_REFERENCES
    #elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(BOOST_INTEL_STDCXX0X)
    #   define DLIB_HAS_RVALUE_REFERENCES
    #   define DLIB_HAS_INITIALIZER_LISTS
    #endif

    // figure out if the compiler has static_assert.
    #if defined(__clang__)
    #   if __has_feature(cxx_static_assert)
    #       define DLIB_HAS_STATIC_ASSERT
    #   endif
    #elif defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ > 2)) && defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
    #   define DLIB_HAS_STATIC_ASSERT
    #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600
    #   define DLIB_HAS_STATIC_ASSERT
    #elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && defined(BOOST_INTEL_STDCXX0X)
    #   define DLIB_HAS_STATIC_ASSERT
    #endif

    // -----------------------------

    namespace dlib
    {
        template <bool value> struct compile_time_assert;
        template <> struct compile_time_assert<true> { enum {value=1};  };

        template <typename T, typename U> struct assert_are_same_type;
        template <typename T> struct assert_are_same_type<T,T> {enum{value=1};};
        template <typename T, typename U> struct assert_are_not_same_type {enum{value=1}; };
        template <typename T> struct assert_are_not_same_type<T,T> {};

        template <typename T, typename U> struct assert_types_match {enum{value=0};};
        template <typename T> struct assert_types_match<T,T> {enum{value=1};};
    }

    // gcc 4.8 will warn about unused typedefs.  But we use typedefs in some of the compile
    // time assert macros so we need to make it not complain about them "not being used".
    #ifdef __GNUC__
    #define DLIB_NO_WARN_UNUSED __attribute__ ((unused))
    #else
    #define DLIB_NO_WARN_UNUSED
    #endif

    // Use the newer static_assert if it's available since it produces much more readable error
    // messages.
    #ifdef DLIB_HAS_STATIC_ASSERT
        #define COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(expression) static_assert(expression, "Failed assertion")
        #define ASSERT_ARE_SAME_TYPE(type1, type2) static_assert(::dlib::assert_types_match<type1,type2>::value, "These types should be the same but aren't.")
        #define ASSERT_ARE_NOT_SAME_TYPE(type1, type2) static_assert(!::dlib::assert_types_match<type1,type2>::value, "These types should NOT be the same.")
    #else
        #define COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(expression) \
            DLIB_NO_WARN_UNUSED typedef char BOOST_JOIN(DLIB_CTA, __LINE__)[::dlib::compile_time_assert<(bool)(expression)>::value]

        #define ASSERT_ARE_SAME_TYPE(type1, type2) \
            DLIB_NO_WARN_UNUSED typedef char BOOST_JOIN(DLIB_AAST, __LINE__)[::dlib::assert_are_same_type<type1,type2>::value]

        #define ASSERT_ARE_NOT_SAME_TYPE(type1, type2) \
            DLIB_NO_WARN_UNUSED typedef char BOOST_JOIN(DLIB_AANST, __LINE__)[::dlib::assert_are_not_same_type<type1,type2>::value]
    #endif

    // -----------------------------

    #if defined DLIB_DISABLE_ASSERTS
        // if DLIB_DISABLE_ASSERTS is on then never enable DLIB_ASSERT no matter what.
        #undef ENABLE_ASSERTS
    #endif

    #if !defined(DLIB_DISABLE_ASSERTS) && ( defined DEBUG || defined _DEBUG)
        // make sure ENABLE_ASSERTS is defined if we are indeed using them.
        #ifndef ENABLE_ASSERTS
            #define ENABLE_ASSERTS
        #endif
    #endif

    // -----------------------------

    #ifdef __GNUC__
    // There is a bug in version 4.4.5 of GCC on Ubuntu which causes GCC to segfault
    // when __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ is used within certain templated functions.  So just
    // don't use it with this version of GCC.
    #  if !(__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ == 4 && __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ == 5)
    #    define DLIB_FUNCTION_NAME __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
    #  else
    #    define DLIB_FUNCTION_NAME "unknown function"
    #  endif
    #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
    #define DLIB_FUNCTION_NAME __FUNCSIG__
    #else
    #define DLIB_FUNCTION_NAME "unknown function"
    #endif

    #define DLIBM_CASSERT(_exp,_message)                                              \
        {if ( !(_exp) )                                                         \
        {                                                                       \
            dlib_assert_breakpoint();                                           \
            std::ostringstream dlib_o_out;                                       \
            dlib_o_out << "\n\nError detected at line " << __LINE__ << ".\n";    \
            dlib_o_out << "Error detected in file " << __FILE__ << ".\n";      \
            dlib_o_out << "Error detected in function " << DLIB_FUNCTION_NAME << ".\n\n";      \
            dlib_o_out << "Failing expression was " << #_exp << ".\n";           \
            dlib_o_out << std::boolalpha << _message << "\n";                    \
            throw dlib::fatal_error(dlib::EBROKEN_ASSERT,dlib_o_out.str());      \
        }}

    // This macro is not needed if you have a real C++ compiler.  It's here to work around bugs in Visual Studio's preprocessor.
    #define DLIB_WORKAROUND_VISUAL_STUDIO_BUGS(x) x
    // Make it so the 2nd argument of DLIB_CASSERT is optional.  That is, you can call it like
    // DLIB_CASSERT(exp) or DLIB_CASSERT(exp,message).
    #define DLIBM_CASSERT_1_ARGS(exp)              DLIBM_CASSERT(exp,"")
    #define DLIBM_CASSERT_2_ARGS(exp,message)      DLIBM_CASSERT(exp,message)
    #define DLIBM_GET_3TH_ARG(arg1, arg2, arg3, ...) arg3
    #define DLIBM_CASSERT_CHOOSER(...) DLIB_WORKAROUND_VISUAL_STUDIO_BUGS(DLIBM_GET_3TH_ARG(__VA_ARGS__,  DLIBM_CASSERT_2_ARGS, DLIBM_CASSERT_1_ARGS))
    #define DLIB_CASSERT(...) DLIB_WORKAROUND_VISUAL_STUDIO_BUGS(DLIBM_CASSERT_CHOOSER(__VA_ARGS__)(__VA_ARGS__))

    #ifdef ENABLE_ASSERTS
        #define DLIB_ASSERT(...) DLIB_CASSERT(__VA_ARGS__)
        #define DLIB_IF_ASSERT(exp) exp
    #else
        #define DLIB_ASSERT(...) {}
        #define DLIB_IF_ASSERT(exp)
    #endif

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        /*!A DLIB_ASSERT_HAS_STANDARD_LAYOUT

            This macro is meant to cause a compiler error if a type doesn't have a simple
            memory layout (like a C struct). In particular, types with simple layouts are
            ones which can be copied via memcpy().

            This was called a POD type in C++03 and in C++0x we are looking to check if
            it is a "standard layout type".  Once we can use C++0x we can change this macro
            to something that uses the std::is_standard_layout type_traits class.
            See: http://www2.research.att.com/~bs/C++0xFAQ.html#PODs
        !*/
        // Use the fact that in C++03 you can't put non-PODs into a union.
    #define DLIB_ASSERT_HAS_STANDARD_LAYOUT(type)   \
        union  BOOST_JOIN(DAHSL_,__LINE__) { type TYPE_NOT_STANDARD_LAYOUT; };  \
        DLIB_NO_WARN_UNUSED typedef char BOOST_JOIN(DAHSL2_,__LINE__)[sizeof(BOOST_JOIN(DAHSL_,__LINE__))];

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    // breakpoints
    extern "C"
    {
        inline void dlib_assert_breakpoint(
        ) {}
        /*!
            ensures
                - this function does nothing
                  It exists just so you can put breakpoints on it in a debugging tool.
                  It is called only when an DLIB_ASSERT or DLIB_CASSERT fails and is about to
                  throw an exception.
        !*/
    }

    // -----------------------------

    #include "stack_trace.h"

    #endif // DLIB_ASSERt_