  What Are HIV Prevention Needs?  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  Chinese are as susceptible to HIV infection as are other racial or ethnic groups.  Chinese are the fastest growing population in the world.  It is estimated that over 1 million people who are living with HIV/ AIDS in China now.  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  中  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  While the number of reported AIDS cases among Chinese small -
 about 2. 3%  of total cases reported in the world underreporting and a lack of detailed HIV surveillance may mask the true nature of the epidemic among Chinese.  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  虽 2. 3%  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp;  What puts Chinese at risk?  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  IV drug users & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  静  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  Sex workers & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  性  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  MSM & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  男  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  Youth & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  青  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  Women & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  妇  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  Men & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  男  & nbsp;  & nbsp;
 & nbsp;  Key Stressors Related to Barriers Among People Who are& nbsp;  Living with HIV/ AIDS受
 & nbsp;  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  ( a)
 Chinese believe HIV/ AIDS has nothing to do with them;  they& nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 still& nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  consider HIV/ AIDS is a “ GAY Disease”
nbsp;  They are concerned about& nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  making money/ surviving.  & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp;  同  。  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 ( b)  Lack of actual number of Chinese having HIV/ AIDS.  & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;  缺
 • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  ( c) nbsp;  Lack of money:  everything is done through personal •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; connection. nbsp;  There is no incentive.  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 缺  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  ( d) nbsp;  Lack of community mobilization.
 • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  缺  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  ( e) nbsp;
 Lack of attention from the government/ scientists about HIV education.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  教  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 ( f) nbsp; nbsp;  No Follow Up Care–  STDs &
amp;  Hep B screenings:  95 or 57% nbsp; nbsp;  found positive.
nbsp;  Proverty,  lack of& nbsp;  access, nbsp;
 and& nbsp;  poor health literacy,  stigma,  shame were the main reasons hindering them from proper care.  It reflects that the people are in need of education,
 care and follow up treatment in this area.  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  没 B型 95% 57%  &
nbsp;  & nbsp;  Broken Roads:  HIV & amp;
 Competing Stressors突  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  Obligation to support family financially in home • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  Ô  • nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  No health care access nor insurance • nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  Î  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  Limited employment •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 ±  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  Shattered hopes of securing a future for families were coupled with a fear of discrimination • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  ×  • nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  Inability to work is a significant source of stress • nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  Î  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 Stigma & amp;  the double life • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  ³  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 Lack of legal & amp;  mental health services • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  È  &
nbsp;  & nbsp;  & nbsp;  Conceptual &
amp;  Cultural Barriers概  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  Holistic vs.  Western conventional • nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp;  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  Poor health literacy in general &
amp;  illness related knowledge & nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;
 • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 Underscored the importance of devoting attention to the personal & amp;  social • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp;  • nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  circumstances surrendering their health • nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  Role in society & amp;
 family • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 社  & nbsp;  & nbsp;  What are barriers to prevention (
 预  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  There are cultural,  linguistic,  economic and legal barriers to HIV prevention among Chinese.  For example,  cultural avoidance of discussing issues of sexual behavior,
 illness and death can be barriers to HIV prevention.  In addition,  although Chinese MSM are at significant risk for HIV,  the lack of peer and community support for sexual and racial diversity often are barriers to self- esteem and positive self- identity.
 • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  在  & nbsp;  & nbsp;
 Needs & amp;  Services for Women妇  • nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  Women do not have avenues for culturally and linguistically services. nbsp;
 There is little information about& nbsp;  women,  their knowledge,  attitudes,  behaviors,
 and beliefs surrounding HIV/ AIDS and general health awareness.  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  妇
 • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  Family and elder& nbsp;  women —  should explore how to include services for families and women so that there can be stronger connection between these women and their families and communities.  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  年  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  Conduct needs assessments –  so services can be developed to meet their needs & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 处  & nbsp;  & nbsp;  Needs &
amp;  Services& nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 cont…  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  Bring Services to the Community— discomfort with western medical practices can make some Chinese people reluctant to seek services.  • nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  Develop Social Service Program ( NGOs)  that cater the needs of HIV infected & amp;
 affected Chinese.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  Respecting Cultural Beliefs –  not knowing about a person’ s culture,  religion or ritual practices can make already tense and emotional situations even more hurtful.  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  尊  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; nbsp;  What Still Needs To Be Done For Primary Prevention?  还  & nbsp;
 • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  Rapidly growing and diverse communities need comprehensive HIV/ AIDS- related surveillance data,  including data disaggregated by . nbsp;
 More research on the cultural protective factors and cultural barriers to effective HIV prevention among Chinese is also needed.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  爱  & nbsp;  • nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  Given that by year 2020 Asia will report the highest number of new HIV infections globally,
 a greater focus on HIV prevention is needed.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  据 2020年  & nbsp;  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 Develop school and community based programs.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  发  &
nbsp;  What Still Needs To Be Done For& nbsp; Primary Prevention?  还  (
 • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  More resources are needed to develop,  evaluate and replicate linguistically accessible and culturally appropriate HIV prevention interventions.  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  发  •
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 While programs for Chinese MSM must remain a high priority,  attention must be focused on other groups risk,  including youth and women.  As with all well- developed HIV prevention interventions,  it is critical to conduct a community needs assessment,
 engage members of the target community in the design and implementation of programs,  and recruit& nbsp;  community members as paid staff and volunteers.  & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  一  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp;  &
nbsp;  Recommendations for Secondary Prevention:  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  £  Additional funding to address the unique & amp;
 complex issues in the local& nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  communities.
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  × nbsp;
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nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  ２  * Link HIV primary prevention with secondary& nbsp;  prevention and treatment to ensure timely access for information,
nbsp;  screening and care.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 Ò  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  £  Mobilize & amp;  Work with local Leaders.
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  发  & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  ４
 More Public Announcements -  local radio stations and newspapers:  raise awareness to the community,  in particular the new migrants,  we need to increase public announcement related to HIV/ AIDS.
 However,  there is no funding.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  发
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  ５  * Develop & amp;  maintain advocacy interventions that increase &
amp;  reinforce general population’ s knowledge primary & amp;  secondary prevention & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  发  & nbsp;  Recommendations for Secondary Prevention: nbsp;
 cont…  ( nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
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nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  • nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 * Provide social support networks that function as an “ Alternative Family”  for HIV infected persons& nbsp;  and challenge internalized feelings of being isolated in one’
s community.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  “
 。  这  • nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  * Develop and disseminate standards for evaluating vocational and psychosocial needs of recently arrived immigrants.
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  8。 nbsp;  Develop and maintain incentive-
based training in fundamental HIV treatment and knowledge for all PCP in ( 1)  screening for HIV risks ( 2)  HIV testing and risk & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 & nbsp;  发  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
nbsp; 1)  隔  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  ( 2)  爱  & nbsp;
 & nbsp;  Recommendations for Secondary Prevention:  & nbsp; cont…
nbsp;  Cont…  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  reduction ( 3)  recognition of HIV- related OIs and symptoms &
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  (
4)  treatment options and prophylactic regimens.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
 ( 3)  认  & nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  ( 4)  治  9. nbsp;
 Provide and maintain incentive- based training in effective communication skills among our target populations as well as& nbsp;  to educate our physicians.  & nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp;  在  & nbsp;  10. nbsp;
 Conduct search and data collection.  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  个  & nbsp;
 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
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nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  &
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nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp;  T HANK YOU & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
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nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
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 & nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;
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nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;  & nbsp; nbsp;
 & nbsp; nbsp;
